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Most useful and frequently used LINUX/UNIX commands with examples

Hi Geeks, This article will provide the most useful ad frequently used LINUX / UNIX commands along-with the example.

If I miss any command then don't forget to write them in comment.

1. grep command: Searches for given string in files
1. grep -i "search_text" file_name
2. grep -ilrn "search_text" *             (To search in all files)
   Attributes: i for ignore case, l for list names of files, r for searching recursively, n for line number where text is matched in the file
2. find command: Finds files using file-name
1. find -iname "MyTextFile.c"
2. find -iname "MyTextFile.c" -exec md5sum {} \;    :Executes commands on files found by the find command
3. find ~ -empty                     :Finds all  empty files in home directory
3. pwd command: pwd is Present working directory. It prints the current directory.
4. cd command: It is used to change the directory.
1. Use “cd -” to toggle between the last two directories
2. Use “shopt -s cdspell” to automatically correct mistype directory names on cd
5. diff command: compares two files
1. diff -w file1.txt file2.txt
6. tar command examples:
1. tar cvf archive_name.tar dirname/     :Creates a new tar archive
2. tar xvf archive_name.tar   : Extracts from existing tar archive
3. tar tvf archive_name.tar   : view an existing tar archive
7. gzip command examples
1. gzip file.txt : creates a *.gz compressed file
2. gzip -d file.txt.gz  : Uncompress a *.gz file
3. gzip -l *.gz  : Displays the compression ratio of the compressed file
8. bzip2 command examples
1. bzip2 file.txt  : creates a *.bz2 compressed file
2. bzip2 -d file.txt.bz2  : uncompresses a *.bz2 file
9. unzip command examples
1. unzip test.zip   : Extracts the zipped file
2. unzip -l test.zip  : views the content of zipped file without unzipping
10. ssh commands: It is used to work remotely
1. ssh -l kamal remotehost.com     : Login to remote gost
   ssh -l kamal 10.201.42.12
2. ssh -v -l kamal remotehost.com   : Debug ssh client
3. ssh -V : Display ssh client version
11. ftp command examples
1. ftp IP/hostname    : connects to a remote server
2. ftp> mget *.html  : Download file from that server
3. ftp> mls *.html -   : views the file names located on the remote server
12. wget command :
1. wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/nagios/nagios-3.2.1.tar.gz : to download any file from internet
2. wget -O taglist.zip http://www.vim.org/scripts/download_script.php?src_id=7701  :  Download and store it
13. vim command examples
1. vim +14 file.txt   : Go to the 14th line of file
2. vim +/search_text file.txt  : goto the first match of the specified search text
3. vim -R /etc/passwd  : Opent he file in the read only mode
14. sort command examples
1. sort nameList.txt :  Sorts a file in ascending order
2. sort -r nameList.txt :  Sorts a file in descending order
3. sort -t: -k 3n /etc/passwd | more :  Sorts passwd file by third field
15. xargs command examples
1. ls *.jpg | xargs -n1 -i cp {} /external-drive/directory    : Copy all images to external drive
2. find / -name *.jpg -type f -print | xargs tar -cvzf allImages.tar.gz    : Search all jpg images in the system and archive it.
3. cat url-list.txt | xargs wget –c  :  Downloads all the URLs mentioned in the url-list.txt file
16. ls command examples
1. ls -lh :  Displays filesize in KB / MB
2. ls -ltr  :  Orders Files Based on Last Modified Time
3. ls -F   : Visual Classification of Files
17. sed command examples
1. sed 's/.$//' filename  :Converts the DOS file format to Unix file format (removes \r or \n)
2. sed -n '1!G;h;$p' file.txt   : Prints file content in reverse order
3. sed '/./=' file.txt | sed 'N; s/\n/ /'  :  Adds line number for all non-empty-lines in the file
18. awk command examples
1. awk '!($0 in array) { array[$0]; print }' temp   : Removes duplicate lines
2. awk -F ':' '$3==$4' passwd.txt   ;  Prints all lines from /etc/passwd that has the same uid and gid
3. awk '{print $2,$5;}' file.txt   : Prints only specific field from a file.
19. shutdown command examples
1. shutdown -h now   : Shutdown the system and turn the power off immediately.
2. shutdown -h +10   : Shutdown the system after 10 minutes.
3. shutdown -r now    : Reboot the system
4. shutdown -Fr now  : Force the filesystem check during reboot.
20. crontab command examples
1. crontab -u kamal -l  : View crontab entry for a specific user
21. service command examples : Service commands are used to run the system V init scripts. i.e Instead of calling the scripts located in the /etc/init.d/ directory with their full path, we can use the service command.
1. service ssh status  : checks the service status
2. service --status-all : Check the status of all the services.
3. service ssh restart :  Restart a service
22. ps command :  It is used to display information about the processes running in the system.
1. ps -ef | more  : view the current running processes
2. ps -efH | more  :  To view current running processes in a tree structure. H means process hierarchy.
23. free command: It is used to display the free, used, swap memory available in the system.
1. free
2. free -g :  If you want to quickly check how many GB of RAM your system has use the -g option. -b option displays in bytes, -k in kilo bytes, -m in mega bytes.
3. free -t  : use this if you want to see a total memory ( including the swap)
24. top command: It displays the top processes in the system, by default sorted by cpu usage. To sort top output by any column, press O (upper-case O) , which will display all the possible columns that you can sort by.
1. top
2. top -u oracle : To display only the processes that belong to a particular user use -u option. This command will show only the top processes that belongs to oracle user.
25. df command: 
1. df -k  : displays the file system disk space usage. By default df -k displays output in bytes.
2. df -h :  displays output in human readable form. i.e size will be displayed in GB’s.
3. df -T : display type of file system.
26. kill command: It is used to terminate a process. First get the process id using ps -efcommand, then use kill -9 to kill the running LINUX process. You can also use killall, pkill, xkill to terminate a unix process.
1. ps -ef | grep vim
   kill -9 7243
27. rm command : Removes a file
1. rm -i filename.txt  :  Get confirmation before removing the file.
2. rm -i file*  :  Print the filename and get confirmation before removing the file.
3. rm -r example  : It recursively removes all files and directories under the example directory. This also removes the example directory itself.
28. cp command : Used for copying files from source to destination
1. cp -p file1 file2 : Copy file1 to file2 preserving the mode, ownership and timestamp.
2. cp -i file1 file2 : Copy file1 to file2. if file2 exists prompt for confirmation before overwritting it.
29. mv command: used to rename a file / folder
1. mv -i file1 file2 :  Rename file1 to file2. if file2 exists prompt for confirmation before overwritting it.
2. mv -f file1 file2 : Rename file1 to file2. if file2 exists overwrite it without prompting for confirmation
3. mv -v file1 file2 : It will print what is happening during file rename, verbose output
30. cat command  : used to view the file
1. cat file1
2. cat file1 file2  : view multiple files at the same time. It prints the content of file1 followed by file2 to stdout.
3. cat -n /etc/test.txt  :  It will prepend the line number to each line of the output while displaying the file.
31. mount command
1. To mount a file system, we should first create a directory and mount it:
1. mkdir /newDir
2. mount /dev/sdb1 /newDir
2. We can also add this to the fstab for automatic mounting. i.e Anytime system is restarted, the filesystem will be mounted.
1. /dev/sdb1 /newDir ext2 defaults 0 2
32. chmod command: chmod command is used to change the permissions for a file or directory.
1. chmod ug+rwx file.txt   ; Give full access (read, write and execute) to user and group on a specific file.
2. chmod g-rwx file.txt     : Revoke all access (read, write and execute) for the group on a specific file.
3. chmod -R ug+rwx file.txt   :   Apply the file permissions to all the files in the sub-directories.
33. chown command: change the owner and group of a file
1. chown oracle:dba dbora.sh  :  To change owner to oracle and group to db on a file. i.e Change both owner and group at the same time.
2. chown -R oracle:dba /home/oracle   : change the owner recursively
34. passwd command : used to change the password through command line
1. passwd : User can change their password using this command. It will ask for current password.
2. passwd USERNAME : Super user can use passwd command to reset others password. This will not prompt for current password of the user.
3. passwd -d USERNAME  :  Remove password for a specific user. Root user can disable password for a specific user. Once the password is disabled, the user can login without entering the password.
35. uname command: It displays important information about the system such as — Kernel name, Host name, Kernel release number, Processor type, etc.
1. uname -a
36. su command
1. su - USERNAME  : Switch to a different user account using su command. Super user can switch to any other user without entering their password.
2. su - raj -c 'ls' :  Execute a single command from a different account name. In the following example, john can execute the ls command as raj username. Once the command is executed, it will come back to john’s account.
3. su -s 'SHELLNAME' USERNAME :  Login to a specified user account, and execute the specified shell instead of the default shell.
37. mkdir command: to create directories
1. mkdir ~/myDir  : creates a directory called myDir under home directory.
2. mkdir -p dir1/dir2/dir3/dir4/   :  It creates nested directories using. If any of these directories exist already, it will not display any error. If any of these directories doesn’t exist, it will create them.
38. ifconfig command: used to view or configure a network interface on the Linux system, same as ipconfig in windows.
1. ifconfig -a  :  View all the interfaces along with status.
2. Start or stop a specific interface using up and down command as below.
1. ifconfig eth0 up
2. ifconfig eth0 down
39. ping command :
1. ping google.com : Ping a remote host.
2. ping -c 5 google.com  :  Ping a remote host by sending only 5 packets.
40. whereis command
1. whereis ls    :  When wewant to find out where a specific Unix command exists (for example, where does ls command exists?), we can execute this command.
2. whereis -u -B /tmp -f lsmk   :   When you want to search an executable from a path other than the whereis default path, you can use -B option and give path as argument to it. This searches for the executable lsmk in the /tmp directory, and displays it, if it is available.
41. whatis command : It displays a single line description about a command.
1. whatis ls
2. whatis ifconfig
42. man command : Displays the man page (manual page) of a specific command
1. man crontab
43. locate command:  Using locate command we can quickly search for the location of a specific file (or group of files). Locate command uses the database created by updatedb.
1. locate crontab
44. tail command
1. tail file.txt    :   Print the last 10 lines of a file by default.
2. tail -n N file.txt   :   Print N number of lines from the file named file.txt
3. tail -f log-file  :  View the content of the file in real time using tail -f. This is useful to view the log files, that keeps growing. The command can be terminated using CTRL-C
45. less command: less is very efficient while viewing huge log files, as it doesn't need to load the full file while opening. After opening file through less, following command is very useful:
1. CTRL+F – forward one window
2. CTRL+B – backward one window
46. fg command : This command resumes execution of a suspended process
47. date command : 
1. date -s "01/13/2015 13:55:14"   :  Set the system date
2. Once you’ve changed the system date, you should syncronize the hardware clock with the system date as shown below.
1. hwclock –systohc
2. hwclock --systohc –utc
48. mysql command
1. mysql -u root -p -h 192.160.10.2  : To connect to a remote mysql database. This will prompt for a password.
2. mysql -u root -p  :  To connect to a local mysql database. If you want to specify the mysql root password in the command line itself, enter it immediately after -p (without any space).
49. yum command
1. yum install httpd : To install apache using yum.
2. yum update httpd  :  To upgrade apache using yum.
3. yum remove httpd :  To uninstall/remove apache using yum.
50. rpm command
1. rpm -ivh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm   :  To install apache using rpm.
2. rpm -uvh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm  :  To upgrade apache using rpm.
3. rpm -ev httpd  :  To uninstall/remove apache using rpm.

Download 13 Popular Wireless Hacking Tools

Download Free For Windows and Linux
=====================================
Internet is now the basic need of our daily life. With the increasing use of smartphones, most of the things are now online. Every time we have to do something, we just use our smartphone or desktop. This is the reason wi-fi hotspots can be found everywhere.

People also use wireless in their home network to connect all devices. Every person can see the neighborhood wi-fi networks in the system, and they want to use it for free. But most these networks are secured with a password key. You need to know this security key to access the network. When your own network is down, you will desperately want to connect to these neighborhood networks. For this, people generally search for wi-fi password cracking tools to get unauthorized access to those wireless networks.

Sometimes when you are on a network, you also want to check what is happening on the network. This happens mostly in big organizations, when an employer wants to check who is doing what in the network. For these things, there are a few network hacking tools available that let users analyze packets and see what other users are doing.

In this article, I am going to discuss wireless security and best wi-fi password cracking or recovery tools. I will explain the kind of encryption wireless networks use and how these tools can crack the networks to get access. We will also see what tools let users monitor networks.

Wireless Networks and Hacking
=========================

Wireless networks are based on IEEE 802.11 standards defined by IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) for ad hoc networks or infrastructure networks. Infrastructure networks have one or more access points which coordinate the traffic between the nodes. But in ad hoc networks, there is no access point; each node connects in a peer-to-peer way.

Basically there are two types of vulnerabilities which can be found in the Wireless LAN. One is poor configuration and the other is poor encryption. Poor configuration is caused by the network admin who manages the network. It may include the weak password, no security settings, use of default configurations, and other user related things. Poor encryption is related to security keys used to protect the wireless network. It is there because of issues in WEP or WPA.

WEP and WPA
============

WEP and WPA are the two main security protocols used in Wi-Fi LAN. WEP is known as Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). It is a deprecated security protocol which was introduced back in 1997 as a part of original 802.11 standards. But it was weak, and several serious weakness were found in the protocol. Now, this can be cracked within minutes. So, a new kind of security protocol was introduced in 2003. This new protocol was Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). It has mainly two versions, 1 and 2 (WPA and WPA2). Now it is the current security protocol used in wireless networks. To get unauthorized access to a network, one needs to crack these security protocols. There are many tools which can crack Wi-Fi encryption. These tools can either take advantage of WEP weaknesses or use bruteforce attacks on WPA/WPA2. I am sure now you know that you should never use WEP security.

Basically wireless hacking tools are of two types. One of which can be used to sniff the network and monitor what is happening in the network. And other kinds of tools are used to hack WEP/WPA keys. These are the popular tools used for wireless password cracking and network troubleshooting.

1. Aircrack
=========
Aircrack is one of the most popular wireless passwords cracking tools which you can use for 802.11a/b/g WEP and WPA cracking. Aircrack uses the best algorithms to recover wireless passwords by capturing packets. Once enough packets have been gathered, it tries to recover the password. To make the attack faster, it implements a standard FMS attack with some optimizations.

The company behind the tool also offers an online tutorial where you can learn how to install and use this tool to crack wireless passwords. It comes as Linux distribution, Live CD and VMware image options. You can use any of these. It supports most of the wireless adapters and is almost guaranteed to work. If you are using a Linux distribution, the only drawback of the tool is that it requires deeper knowledge of Linux. If you are not comfortable with Linux, you will find it hard to use this tool. In this case, try Live CD or VMWare image. VMWare Image needs less knowledge, but it only works with a limited set of host OS, and only USB devices are supported.

Before you start using this too, confirm that the wireless card can inject packets. Then start WEP cracking. Read the online tutorial on the website to know more about the tool. If you will follow steps properly, you will end up getting success with this tool.

2. AirSnort
==========

AirSnort is another popular tool for decrypting WEP encryption on a wi-fi 802.11b network. It is a free tool and comes with Linux and Windows platforms. This tool is no longer maintained, but it is still available to download from Sourceforge. AirSnort works by passively monitoring transmissions and computing encryption keys once it has enough packets received. This tool is simple to use. If you are interested, you can try this tool to crack WEP passwords.

3. Cain & Able
============

Cain & Able is a popular password cracking tool. This tool is developed to intercept network traffic and then discover passwords by bruteforcing the password using cryptanalysis attack methods. It can also recover wireless network keys by analyzing routing protocols. It you are trying to learn wireless security and password cracking, you should once try this tool.

4. Kismet
========

Kismet is the wi-fi 802.11 a/b/g/n layer2 wireless network sniffer and IDS. It works with any wi-fi card which supports rfmon mode. It passively collects packets to identify networks and detect hidden networks. It is built on client/server modular architecture. It is available for Linux, OSX, Windows and BSD platforms.

5. NetStumbler
============

NetStumbler is a popular Windows tool to find open wireless access points. This tool is free and is available for Windows. A trimmed down version of the tool is also available. It is called MiniStumbler.

Basically NetStumblet is used for wardriving, verifying network configurations, finding locations with a poor network, detecting unauthorized access points, and more.

But the tool also has a big disadvantage. It can be easily detected by most of the wireless intrusion detection systems available. This is because it actively probes a network to collect useful information. Another disadvantage of the tool is that it does not work properly with the latest 64 bit Windows OS. This is because the tool was last updated back in April 2004. It has been around 11 years since the last stable release of the tool.

6. inSSIDer
==========

inSSIDer is a popular Wi-Fi scanner for Microsoft Windows and OS X operating systems. Initially the tool was opensource. Later it became premium and now costs $19.99. It was also awarded as “Best Opensource Software in Networking”. The inSSIDer wi-fi scanner can do various tasks, including finding open wi-fi access points, tracking signal strength, and saving logs with GPS records.

7. WireShark
===========

WireShark is the network protocol analyzer. It lets you check what is happening in your network. You can live capture packets and analyze them. It captures packets and lets you check data at the micro-level. It runs on Windows, Linux, OS X, Solaries, FreeBSD and others. WireShark requires good knowledge of network protocols to analyze the data obtained with the tool. If you do not have good knowledge of that, you may not find this tool interesting. So, try only if you are sure about your protocol knowledge.

8. CoWPAtty
===========

CoWPAtty is an automated dictionary attack tool for WPA-PSK. It runs on Linux OS. This program has a command line interface and runs on a word-list that contains the password to use in the attack.

Using the tool is really simple, but it is slow. That’s because the hash uses SHA1 with a seed of SSID. It means the same password will have a different SSIM. So, you cannot simply use the rainbow table against all access points. So, the tool uses the password dictionary and generates the hack for each word contained in the dictionary by using the SSID.

The new version of the tool tried to improve the speed by using a pre-computed hash file. This pre-computed file contains around 172000 dictionary file for around 1000 most popular SSIs. But if your SSID is not in those 1000, you are unlucky.

9. Airjack
========

Airjack is a Wi-Fi 802.11 packet injection tool. This wireless cracking tool is very useful in injecting forged packets and making a network down by denial of service attack. This tool can also be used for a man in the middle attack in the network.

10. WepAttack
=============

WepAttack is an open source Linux tool for breaking 802.11 WEP keys. This tool performs an active dictionary attack by testing millions of words to find the working key. Only a working WLAN card is required to work with WepAttack.

11. OmniPeek
============

OmniPeek is another nice packet sniffer and network analyzer tool. This tool is commercial and supports only Windows operating systems. This tool is used to capture and analyze wireless traffic. But it requires you to have good knowledge of protocols to properly understand things. A good thing is that the tool works with most of the network interface cards available in market. This tool is used for network troubleshooting. This tool also supports plugins, and 40 plugins are already available to extend the features of the tool.

12. CommView for WiFi
===================

CommView for WiFi is another popular wireless monitor and packet analyzer tool. It comes with an easy to understand GUI. It works fine with 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac networks. It captures every packet and displays useful information as a list. You can get useful information like access points, stations, signal strength, network connections and protocol distribution.

Captured packets can be decrypted by user-defined WEP or WPA keys.

This tool is basically for wi-fi network admins, security professionals, and home users who want to monitor their wi-fi traffic and programmers working on software for wireless networks.

13. CloudCracker
===============

CloudCracker is the online password cracking tool for cracking WPA protected wi-fi networks. This tool can also be used to crack different password hashes. Just upload the handshake file, enter the network name and start the tool. This tool has a huge dictionary of around 300 million words to perform attacks.

Conclusion
==========

In this post, I discussed 13 wireless hacking tools. A few wireless hacking tools are for cracking the password to get unauthorized access, and a few are for monitoring and troubleshooting the network. But most of the people really interested in tools to crack wireless hotspots just want to get free Internet access.

The above collection also contains those tools which try a dictionary attack to crack wi-fi passwords to allow you to get free Internet access. But be sure not to use these tools in a risky place. Hacking wireless networks to get unauthorized access may be a crime in your country. You may get into trouble for using these tools. So, please do not use these tools for illegal works. As I already mentioned, you should never use the WEP encryption key in your home or wireless network. With available tools, it is child’s play to crack the WEP keys and access your wi-fi network.

Wireless monitoring and troubleshooting tools are basically for network admins and programmers working on wi-fi based software. These tools really help when some of your systems face problems in connecting to the network.

I hope you enjoyed this article and got relevant information about popular wireless hacking and password cracking tools. I tried my best to compile this list of password hacking tools, but as a human error, I may miss something. If I forgot any important tool in this, please let me know in the comments.

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